As the females approach, the male defending the nest will mate with them. Harem mating structures are a type of polygynous system where certain males dominate mating while controlling a territory with resources.
Elephant seals, where the alpha male dominates the mating within the group, are an example. A third type of polygyny is a lek system. Here there is a communal courting area where several males perform elaborate displays for females; the females choose their mate from this group. This behavior is observed in several bird species. In polyandrous mating systems, one female mates with many males.
These types of systems are much rarer than monogamous and polygynous mating systems. In pipefishes and seahorses, males receive the eggs from the female, fertilize them, protect them within a pouch, and give birth to the offspring.
Therefore, the female is able to provide eggs to several males without the burden of carrying the fertilized eggs. Polyandry : Seahorses are a good example of a polyandrous mating system, in which one female mates with several males. In seahorse reproduction, the male receives the eggs from the female, fertilizes them, protects them within a pouch, and gives birth to the offspring.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Population and Community Ecology. Search for:. Innate Animal Behavior. Introduction to Animal Behavior Behavior is the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus and can be grouped as innate or learned.
Learning Objectives Distinguish between innate and learned behaviors. Key Takeaways Key Points Behavioral biology is the study of the biological and evolutionary bases for changes in activity in response to a stimulus.
Movement and Migration Innate behaviors, such as kinesis, taxis, and migration, are instinctual responses to external stimuli. Learning Objectives Distinguish between kinesis, taxis, and migration in response to stimuli. Key Takeaways Key Points Innate behaviors are instinctual, relying on responses to stimuli.
Kinesis is the undirected movement in response to a stimulus, which can include orthokinesis related to speed or klinokinesis related to turning.
Taxis is the directed movement towards or away from a stimulus, which can be in response to light phototaxis , chemical signals chemotaxis , or gravity geotaxis. Migration is an innate behavior characterized as the long-range seasonal movement of animals; it is an evolved, adapted response to variation in resource availability.
Migration is a variable innate behavior as some migrating species always migrate obligate migration while in other animals, only a portion of the population migrates incomplete migration. Key Terms orthokinesis : the speed of movement of the individual is dependent upon the intensity of the stimulus taxis : the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus; similar to kinesis, but more direct kinesis : the undirected movement of an organism in response to an external stimulus.
Animal Communication and Living in Groups Animals communicate using signals, which can be chemical pheromones , aural sound , visual courtship displays , or tactile touch.
Learning Objectives Differentiate among the ways in which animals communicate. Key Takeaways Key Points Animals need to communicate with one another in order to successfully mate, which usually involves one animal signaling another; the energy-intensive behaviors or displays associated with mating are called mating rituals.
Animal signaling is not the same as the communication we associate with language, which has been observed only in humans, but may also occur in some non-human primates and cetaceans. Animal communication by stimuli known as signals may be instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Key Terms pheromone : a chemical secreted by an animal that affects the development or behavior of other members of the same species, functioning often as a means of attracting a member of the opposite sex.
Learning Objectives Explain how altruistic behaviors can benefit populations. Key Takeaways Key Points Behaviors that lower the fitness of the individual, but increase the fitness of another individual are termed altruistic; why altruistic behaviors exist has been the topic of some debate.
Even less-related individuals, those with less genetic identity than that shared by parent and offspring, benefit from seemingly-altruistic behavior, such as sterile worker bees protecting the queen. Mating Systems and Sexual Selection In mating, there are two types of selection intersexual, intrasexual and three mating systems monogamous, polygynous, polyandrous. Learning Objectives Differentiate among monogamous, polygynous, and polyandrous mating systems, and distinguish between intersexual and intrasexual mate selection.
Key Takeaways Key Points Two types of mate selection occur: intersexual selection the choice of a mate where individuals of one sex choose mates of the other sex and intrasexual selection the competition for mates between species members of the same sex.
In monogamous systems, one male and one female are paired for at least one breeding season; although in some animals, these partnerships can last even longer, sometimes an entire lifetime; males provide substantial parental care. Polygynous mating refers to one male mating with multiple females; in these situations, the female must be responsible for most of the parental care as the single male is not capable of providing care to that many offspring.
In polyandrous mating systems, one female mates with many males; these types of systems are much rarer than monogamous and polygynous mating systems. Innate or instinctual behaviors rely on response to stimuli.
The simplest example of this is a reflex action: an involuntary and rapid response to stimulus. The stimulation of the nerves there leads to the reflex of extending the leg at the knee. This is similar to the reaction of someone who touches a hot stove and instinctually pulls his or her hand away.
Even humans, with our great capacity to learn, still exhibit a variety of innate behaviors. Another activity or movement of innate behavior is kinesis: undirected movement in response to a stimulus. Orthokinesis is the increased or decreased speed of movement of an organism in response to a stimulus. Woodlice, for example, increase their speed of movement when exposed to high or low temperatures. This movement, although random, increases the probability that the insect spends less time in the unfavorable environment.
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What are chemotactic factors? Some examples include formyl peptides, chemokines and complement proteins-3a and 5a1. Chemotaxis and chemotactic factors were described as early as 's. How is chemotaxis regulated? Are flagella used for chemotaxis? This signal transduction happens through the chemotaxis system reviewed by Kojima and Blair [4].
Flagella are recognized as PAMPs pathogen associated molecular patterns used by the host to recognize bacteria and besides their function in motility, flagella of S. What is Margination in inflammation?
What is chemotaxis in phagocytosis? Phagocytes are motile by ameboid action. Chemotaxis is movement of the cells in response to a chemical stimulus.
The eventual concentration of phagocytes at a site of injury results from chemotactic response by the phagocytes which is analogous to bacterial chemotaxis.
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